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Intersections between innate immune response and gastric cancer development.
Villarroel-Espindola, F, Ejsmentewicz, T, Gonzalez-Stegmaier, R, Jorquera, RA, Salinas, E
World journal of gastroenterology. 2023;(15):2222-2240
Abstract
Worldwide, gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most commonly diagnosed malignancy. It has a reduced prevalence but has maintained its poor prognosis being the fourth leading cause of deaths related to cancer. The highest mortality rates occur in Asian and Latin American countries, where cases are usually diagnosed at advanced stages. Overall, GC is viewed as the consequence of a multifactorial process, involving the virulence of the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) strains, as well as some environmental factors, dietary habits, and host intrinsic factors. The tumor microenvironment in GC appears to be chronically inflamed which promotes tumor progression and reduces the therapeutic opportunities. It has been suggested that inflammation assessment needs to be measured qualitatively and quantitatively, considering cell-infiltration types, availability of receptors to detect damage and pathogens, and presence or absence of aggressive H. pylori strains. Gastrointestinal epithelial cells express several Toll-like receptors and determine the first defensive line against pathogens, and have been also described as mediators of tumorigenesis. However, other molecules, such as cytokines related to inflammation and innate immunity, including immune checkpoint molecules, interferon-gamma pathway and NETosis have been associated with an increased risk of GC. Therefore, this review will explore innate immune activation in the context of premalignant lesions of the gastric epithelium and established gastric tumors.
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Short-term complications and post-acute sequelae in hospitalized paediatric patients with COVID-19 and obesity: A multicenter cohort study.
Valenzuela, G, Alarcón-Andrade, G, Schulze-Schiapacasse, C, Rodríguez, R, García-Salum, T, Pardo-Roa, C, Levican, J, Serrano, E, Avendaño, MJ, Gutiérrez, M, et al
Pediatric obesity. 2023;(2):e12980
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity increases the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 illness in adults. The role of obesity in short-term complications and post-acute sequelae in children is not well defined. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between obesity and short-term complications and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized paediatric patients. METHODS An observational study was conducted in three tertiary hospitals, including paediatric hospitalized patients with a confirmatory SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR from March 2020 to December 2021. Obesity was defined according to WHO 2006 (0-2 years) and CDC 2000 (2-20 years) growth references. Short-term outcomes were intensive care unit admission, ventilatory support, superinfections, acute kidney injury, and mortality. Neurological, respiratory, and cardiological symptoms and/or delayed or long-term complications beyond 4 weeks from the onset of symptoms were considered as post-acute sequalae. Adjusted linear, logistic regression and generalized estimating equations models were performed. RESULTS A total of 216 individuals were included, and 67 (31.02%) of them had obesity. Obesity was associated with intensive care unit admission (aOR = 5.63, CI95% 2.90-10.94), oxygen requirement (aOR = 2.77, CI95% 1.36-5.63), non-invasive ventilatory support (aOR = 6.81, CI95% 2.11-22.04), overall superinfections (aOR = 3.02 CI95% 1.45-6.31), and suspected bacterial pneumonia (aOR = 3.00 CI95% 1.44-6.23). For post-acute sequalae, obesity was associated with dyspnea (aOR = 9.91 CI95% 1.92-51.10) and muscle weakness (aOR = 20.04 CI95% 2.50-160.65). CONCLUSIONS In paediatric hospitalized patients with COVID-19, severe short-term outcomes and post-acute sequelae are associated with obesity. Recognizing obesity as a key comorbidity is essential to develop targeted strategies for prevention of COVID-19 complications in children.
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High prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 detection and prolonged viral shedding in stools: A systematic review and cohort study.
Díaz, LA, García-Salum, T, Fuentes-López, E, Reyes, D, Ortiz, J, Chahuan, J, Levican, J, Almonacid, LI, Valenzuela, GH, Serrano, E, et al
Gastroenterologia y hepatologia. 2022;(8):593-604
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To: 1. Describe the frequency of viral RNA detection in stools in a cohort of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, and 2. Perform a systematic review to assess the clearance time in stools of SARS-CoV-2. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study in two centers between March and May 2020. We included SARS-CoV-2 infected patients of any age and severity. We collected seriated nasopharyngeal swabs and stool samples to detect SARS-CoV-2. After, we performed a systematic review of the prevalence and clearance of SARS-CoV-2 in stools (PROSPERO-ID: CRD42020192490). We estimated prevalence using a random-effects model. We assessed clearance time by using Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS We included 32 patients; mean age was 43.7±17.7 years, 43.8% were female, and 40.6% reported gastrointestinal symptoms. Twenty-five percent (8/32) of patients had detectable viral RNA in stools. The median clearance time in stools of the cohort was 11[10-15] days. Systematic review included 30 studies (1392 patients) with stool samples. Six studies were performed in children and 55% were male. The pooled prevalence of viral detection in stools was 34.6% (twenty-four studies, 1393 patients; 95%CI:25.4-45.1); heterogeneity was high (I2:91.2%, Q:208.6; p≤0.001). A meta-regression demonstrates an association between female-gender and lower presence in stools (p=0.004). The median clearance time in stools was 22 days (nineteen studies, 140 patients; 95%CI:19-25). After 34 days, 19.9% (95%CI:11.3-29.7) of patients have a persistent detection in stools. CONCLUSIONS Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in stools is a frequent finding. The clearance of SARS-CoV-2 in stools is prolonged and it takes longer than nasopharyngeal secretions.
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Nicotine associates to intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis inducing genes related with resistance to antimicrobial peptides.
de Haro-Acosta, J, Jacobo-Delgado, YM, Rodríguez-Carlos, A, Torres-Juárez, F, Araujo, Z, Serrano, CJ, Gonzalez-Curiel, I, Hernández-Pando, R, Salinas, E, Rivas-Santiago, B
Experimental lung research. 2021;(10):487-493
Abstract
Tobacco consumption is related to an increased risk to develop tuberculosis. Antimicrobial peptides are essential molecules in the response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) because of their direct antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that nicotine enters into Mtb infected epithelial cells and associates with the mycobacteria inducing genes related to antimicrobial peptides resistance. Epithelial cells were infected with virulent Mtb, afterwards cells were stimulated with nicotine. The internalization of nicotine was followed using electron and confocal microscopy. The lysX expression was evaluated isolating mycobacterial RNA and submitted to RT-PCR analysis. Our results indicated that nicotine promotes Mtb growth in a dose-dependent manner in infected cells. We also reported that nicotine induces lysX expression. In conclusion, nicotine associates to intracellular mycobacteria promoting intracellular survival.
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Physiopathology of food allergies.
Reyes-Pavón, D, Jiménez, M, Salinas, E
Revista alergia Mexico (Tecamachalco, Puebla, Mexico : 1993). 2020;(1):34-53
Abstract
Food allergy is adverse reaction to certain foods and it arise from a specific immune response, including reactions mediated by immunoglobulin (Ig) E, by cells, or by both. Although individuals of all ages can develop it, the pediatric population is the most affected by it; with a prevalence of 6 to 8 %. In homeostatic conditions, the organism has tolerance and regulation pathways that hinder food components from causing damage or adverse immune reactions. However, under specific conditions such as genetic predisposition, environmental factors, dietary patterns, or premature exposure to certain foods, tolerance is not developed and aberrant and excessive immune responses to food antigens happen. Understanding the complex physiopathological mechanisms that are present during the establishment and evolution of food allergies allows the identification of potential therapeutic targets and the development of more effective therapies aimed to modify the natural course of the allergy and to improve the patients' quality of life. The objective of this review is to give an updated vision of the existing knowledge about predisposition, sensitization pathways, manifestations, and therapies in IgE-mediated food allergies, delving into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of its physiopathology.
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Glycomacropeptide Bioactivity and Health: A Review Highlighting Action Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways.
Córdova-Dávalos, LE, Jiménez, M, Salinas, E
Nutrients. 2019;(3)
Abstract
Food-derived bioactive peptides are reported as beneficial and safe for human health. Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a milk-protein-derived peptide that, in addition to its nutritional value, retains many biological properties and has therapeutic effects in several inflammatory disorders. GMP was shown under in vitro and in vivo conditions to exert a number of activities that regulate the physiology of important body systems, namely the gastrointestinal, endocrine, and immune systems. This review represents a comprehensive compilation summarizing the current knowledge and updated information on the major biological properties associated with GMP. GMP bioactivity is addressed with special attention on mechanisms of action, signaling pathways involved, and structural characteristics implicated. In addition, the results of various studies dealing with the effects of GMP on models of inflammatory diseases are reviewed and discussed.
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Venlafaxine extended-release capsules in panic disorder: flexible-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Bradwejn, J, Ahokas, A, Stein, DJ, Salinas, E, Emilien, G, Whitaker, T
The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. 2005;:352-9
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venlafaxine extended-release (ER) has proven efficacy in the treatment of anxiety symptoms in major depression, generalised anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder. AIMS To evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of venlafaxine ER in treating panic disorder. METHOD Adult out-patients (n=361) with panic disorder were randomly assigned to receive venlafaxine ER (75-225 mg/day) or placebo for up to 10 weeks in a double-blind study. RESULTS Venlafaxine ER was not associated with a greater proportion of patients free from full-symptom panic attacks at the final on-therapy evaluation, but was associated with lower mean panic attack frequency and a higher proportion free from limited-symptom panic attacks, higher response and remission rates, and improvements in anticipatory anxiety, fear and avoidance. Adverse events were comparable with those of the drug in depression and anxiety disorders. CONCLUSIONS Venlafaxine ER seems to be effective and well tolerated in the short-term treatment of panic disorder.